Android is a versatile working framework in light of an adjusted rendition of the Linux bit and other open source programming, planned principally for touchscreen cell phones, for example, cell phones and tablets. Android is created by a consortium of engineers known as the Open Handset Alliance and economically supported by Google. It was uncovered in November 2007, with the main business Android gadget, the HTC Dream, being sent off in September 2008.
Most variants of Android are restrictive. The center parts are taken from the Android Open Source Project (AOSP), which is free and open-source programming (FOSS) principally authorized under the Apache License. At the point when Android is introduced on gadgets, capacity to adjust the in any case FOSS programming is normally confined, either by not giving the comparing source code or forestalling reinstallation through specialized measures, delivering the introduced variant exclusive. Most Android gadgets transport with extra exclusive programming pre-installed,[13] most outstandingly Google Mobile Services (GMS)[14] which incorporates center applications, for example, Google Chrome, the computerized dispersion stage Google Play, and related Google Play Services improvement stage.
More than 70% of Android cell phones run Google's environment; some with merchant tweaked UI and programming suite, like TouchWiz and later One UI by Samsung, and HTC Sense.[15] Competing Android biological systems and forks incorporate Fire OS (created by Amazon), HarmonyOS by Huawei or custom ROM like LineageOS. Be that as it may, the "Android" name and logo are brand names of Google which forces principles to limit the utilization of Android marking by "uncertified" gadgets outside their ecosystem.[16][17]
The source code has been utilized to foster variations of Android on a scope of other gadgets, like game control center, advanced cameras, convenient media players, PCs, each with a particular UI. A few notable subsidiaries incorporate Android TV for TVs and Wear OS for wearables, both created by Google. Programming bundles on Android, which utilize the APK design, are for the most part conveyed through restrictive application stores like Google Play Store, Amazon Appstore (counting for Windows 11), Samsung Galaxy Store, Huawei AppGallery, Cafe Bazaar, and GetJar, or open source stages like Aptoide or F-Droid.
Android has been the smash hit OS overall on cell phones starting around 2011 and on tablets starting around 2013. As of May 2021, it has more than three billion month to month dynamic clients, the biggest introduced base of any working system,[18] and as of January 2021, the Google Play Store highlights north of 3 million apps.[19] Android 12, delivered on October 4, 2021, is the most recent variant.
More than 70% of Android cell phones run Google's environment; some with merchant tweaked UI and programming suite, like TouchWiz and later One UI by Samsung, and HTC Sense.[15] Competing Android biological systems and forks incorporate Fire OS (created by Amazon), HarmonyOS by Huawei or custom ROM like LineageOS. Be that as it may, the "Android" name and logo are brand names of Google which forces principles to limit the utilization of Android marking by "uncertified" gadgets outside their ecosystem.[16][17]
The source code has been utilized to foster variations of Android on a scope of other gadgets, like game control center, advanced cameras, convenient media players, PCs, each with a particular UI. A few notable subsidiaries incorporate Android TV for TVs and Wear OS for wearables, both created by Google. Programming bundles on Android, which utilize the APK design, are for the most part conveyed through restrictive application stores like Google Play Store, Amazon Appstore (counting for Windows 11), Samsung Galaxy Store, Huawei AppGallery, Cafe Bazaar, and GetJar, or open source stages like Aptoide or F-Droid.
Android has been the smash hit OS overall on cell phones starting around 2011 and on tablets starting around 2013. As of May 2021, it has more than three billion month to month dynamic clients, the biggest introduced base of any working system,[18] and as of January 2021, the Google Play Store highlights north of 3 million apps.[19] Android 12, delivered on October 4, 2021, is the most recent variant.
Contents
- 1 History
- 2 Features
- 3 Hardware
- 4 Development
- 5 Security and privacy
- 6 Licensing
- 7 Reception
- 8 Legal issues
- 9 Other uses
- 10 Mascot
- 11 See also
- 12 References
- 13 External links
- History
See moreover: Android form history
First Android logotype (2007-2014)
Second Android logotype (2014-2015)
Third Android logotype (2015-2019)
Fourth Android logotype (2019-present)
Android Inc. was established in Palo Alto, California, in October 2003 by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White.[20][21] Rubin depicted the Android project as having "colossal potential in creating more brilliant cell phones that are more mindful of its proprietor's area and preferences".[21] The early expectations of the organization were to foster a high level working framework for advanced cameras, and this was the premise of its contribute to financial backers April 2004.[22] The organization then, at that point, concluded that the market for cameras was not enormous enough for its objectives, and after five months it had redirected its endeavors and was pitching Android as a handset working framework that would equal Symbian and Microsoft Windows Mobile.[22][23]
Rubin experienced issues drawing in financial backers almost immediately, and Android was confronting ousting from its office space. Steve Perlman, a dear companion of Rubin, brought him $10,000 in real money in an envelope, and presently wired an undisclosed sum as seed financing. Perlman declined a stake in the organization, and has expressed "I did it since I had confidence in the thing, and I needed to help Andy."[24][25]
In 2005, Rubin attempted to arrange manages Samsung[26] and HTC.[27] Shortly a while later, Google procured the organization in July of that year for somewhere around $50 million;[21][28] this was Google's "best arrangement of all time" as indicated by Google's then-VP of corporate turn of events, David Lawee, in 2010.[26] Android's key representatives, including Rubin, Miner, Sears, and White, joined Google as a component of the acquisition.[21] Not much was been aware of the cryptic Android Inc. at that point, with the organization having given not many subtleties other than that it was making programming for portable phones.[21] At Google, the group drove by Rubin fostered a cell phone stage controlled by the Linux part. Google showcased the stage to handset producers and transporters on the guarantee of giving an adaptable, upgradeable system.[29] Google had "arranged a progression of equipment parts and programming accomplices and motioned to transporters that it was available to different levels of cooperation".[attribution needed][30]
Theory about Google's aim to enter the versatile correspondences market kept on working through December 2006.[31] An early model had a nearby likeness to a BlackBerry telephone, with no touchscreen and an actual QWERTY console, yet the appearance of 2007's Apple iPhone implied that Android "needed to return to the drawing board".[32][33] Google later changed its Android detail reports to express that "Touchscreens will be upheld", albeit "the Product was planned with the presence of discrete actual buttons as a suspicion, along these lines a touchscreen can't totally supplant physical buttons".[34] By 2008, both Nokia and BlackBerry declared touch-based cell phones to equal the iPhone 3G, and Android's concentrate in the long run changed to simply touchscreens. The first monetarily accessible cell phone running Android was the HTC Dream, otherwise called T-Mobile G1, declared on September 23, 2008.[35][36]
HTC Dream or T-Mobile G1, the principal financially delivered gadget running Android (2008)
On November 5, 2007, the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of innovation organizations including Google, gadget producers, for example, HTC, Motorola and Samsung, remote transporters like Sprint and T-Mobile, and chipset creators like Qualcomm and Texas Instruments, revealed itself, with an objective to create "the main really open and extensive stage for portable devices".[37][38][39] Within a year, the Open Handset Alliance confronted two other open source contenders, the Symbian Foundation and the LiMo Foundation, the last option additionally fostering a Linux-based versatile working framework like Google. In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve concentrate on detailing that Google had recorded a few patent applications in the space of versatile telephony.[40][41]
Beginning around 2008, Android has seen various updates which have gradually worked on the working framework, adding new elements and fixing bugs in past deliveries. Each significant delivery is named in sequential request after a sweet or sweet treat, with the initial not many Android adaptations being classified "Cupcake", "Doughnut", "Eclair", and "Froyo", in a specific order. During its declaration of Android KitKat in 2013, Google made sense of that "Since these gadgets make our lives so sweet, every Android rendition is named after a pastry", albeit a Google representative told CNN in a meeting that "It's similar to an inside group thing, and we like to be a tad — how could I say — a piece enigmatic regarding this situation, I'll say".[42]
In 2010, Google sent off its Nexus series of gadgets, a setup in which Google collaborated with various gadget makers to deliver new gadgets and present new Android variants. The series was depicted as having "assumed a vital part in Android's set of experiences by presenting new programming cycles and equipment guidelines in all cases", and became known for its "without bulge" programming with "ideal ... updates".[43] At its designer gathering in May 2013, Google declared an extraordinary rendition of the Samsung Galaxy S4, where, rather than utilizing Samsung's own Android customization, the telephone ran "stock Android" and was guaranteed to get new framework refreshes fast.[44] The gadget would turn into the beginning of the Google Play version program, and was trailed by different gadgets, including the HTC One Google Play edition,[45] and Moto G Google Play edition.[46] In 2015, Ars Technica composed that "Recently, the remainder of the Google Play release Android telephones in Google's web-based retail facade were recorded as "at this point not ready to move" and that "Presently they're totally gone, and it seems as though the program has wrapped up".[47][48]
Eric Schmidt, Andy Rubin and Hugo Barra at a 2012 public interview declaring Google's Nexus 7 tablet
From 2008 to 2013, Hugo Barra filled in as item representative, addressing Android at public interviews and Google I/O, Google's yearly engineer centered gathering. He left Google in August 2013 to join Chinese telephone creator Xiaomi.[49][50] Less than a half year sooner, Google's then-CEO Larry Page declared in a blog entry that Andy Rubin had moved from the Android division to take on new tasks at Google, and that Sundar Pichai would turn into the new Android lead.[51][52] Pichai himself would ultimately switch positions, turning into the new CEO of Google in August 2015 following the organization's rebuild into the Alphabet conglomerate,[53][54] making Hiroshi Lockheimer the new head of Android.[55][56]
On Android 4.4 Kit Kat, shared composing admittance to MicroSD memory cards has been locked for client introduced applications, to which just the committed indexes with separate bundle names, situated inside Android/information/, stayed writeable. Composing access has been restored with Android 5 Lollipop through the regressive incongruent Google Storage Access Framework interface.[57]
In June 2014, Google declared Android One, a bunch of "equipment reference models" that would "permit [device makers] to effortlessly make great telephones at low expenses", intended for buyers in creating countries.[58][59][60] In September, Google reported the main arrangement of Android One telephones for discharge in India.[61][62] However, Recode detailed in June 2015 that the venture was "a mistake", refering to "hesitant customers and assembling accomplices" and "fizzles from the pursuit organization that has never fully broken hardware".[63] Plans to relaunch Android One surfaced in August 2015,[64] with Africa declared as the following area for the program seven days later.[65][66] A report from The Information in January 2017 expressed that Google is growing its minimal expense Android One program into the United States, albeit The Verge noticed that the organization will apparently not produce the genuine gadgets itself.[67][68] Google presented the Pixel and Pixel XL cell phones in October 2016, showcased similar to the primary telephones made by Google,[69][70] and solely included specific programming highlights, like the Google Assistant, before more extensive rollout.[71][72] The Pixel telephones supplanted the Nexus series,[73] with another age of Pixel telephones sent off in October 2017.[74]
In May 2019, the working framework became trapped in the exchange battle among China and the United States including Huawei, which, in the same way as other tech firms, had become subject to admittance to the Android platform.[75][76] In the late spring of 2019, Huawei declared it would make an option working framework to Android[77] known as Harmony OS,[78] and has petitioned for licensed innovation freedoms across major worldwide markets.[79][80] Huawei at present has no designs to supplant Android soon, as Harmony OS is intended for web of things gadgets, instead of for smartphones.[81]
On August 22, 2019, it was declared that Android "Q" would formally be marked as Android 10, finishing the noteworthy act of naming significant adaptations after treats. Google expressed that these names were not "comprehensive" to worldwide clients (due either to the previously mentioned food sources not being universally known, or being challenging to articulate in some languages).[82][83] around the same time, Android Police revealed that Google had dispatched a sculpture of a monster number "10" to be introduced in the hall of the designers' new office.[84] Android 10 was delivered on September 3, 2019 to Google Pixel telephones first.
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